Magnetic field generator for a magnetic field measurement system

ABSTRACT

A magnetic field generator includes a plurality of conductive windings comprising a first conductive winding arranged in a first plane and a second conductive winding arranged in a second plane that is substantially parallel to the first plane. The plurality of conductive windings are configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a first component of a compensation magnetic field. The first component of the compensation magnetic field is configured to actively shield a magnetic field sensing region located between the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding from ambient background magnetic fields along a first axis that is substantially orthogonal to the first plane and the second plane.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/842,818, filed on May 3, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,160, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,167, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,169, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,170, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,287, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,288, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,289, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/933,174, filed on Nov. 8, 2019, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,787, filed on Jan. 30, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,797, filed on Jan. 30, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,803, filed on Jan. 30, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,804, filed on Jan. 30, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,813, filed on Jan. 30, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,818, filed on Jan. 30, 2020, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/967,823, filed on Jan. 30, 2020. These applications are incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties.

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Optical magnetometry is the use of optical methods to measure a magnetic field with very high accuracy. An optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) is a fundamental element used in optical magnetometry to measure magnetic fields. Of particular interest for their high-sensitivity, OPMs can be used in optical magnetometry to measure weak magnetic fields, such as magnetic fields generated by the brain. For example, spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) mode OPMs can achieve femto-Tesla (fT)/(Hz)^(1/2) sensitivities. However, the OPMs may also sense ambient magnetic fields associated with sources other than the magnetic field measurement system and the source(s) of interest (e.g., neural signals from a user's brain). For example, SERF mode OPMs can also sense the Earth's magnetic field (which is about 50 μT), as well as magnetic fields from magnets, electromagnets, electrical devices, and other signal or field generators in the environment.

To use a SERF mode OPM outside a shielded room, an active magnetic field shield can be used. An active magnetic field shield generates, for example, an equal and opposite magnetic vector that cancels out, or substantially reduces, the ambient magnetic field, including the Earth's magnetic field. However, active magnetic field shields are not presently suitable to be worn by a user due at least to their large size and the mobility constraints they impose upon the user.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings illustrate various embodiments and are a part of the specification. The illustrated embodiments are merely examples and do not limit the scope of the disclosure. Throughout the drawings, identical or similar reference numbers designate identical or similar elements. Furthermore, the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale as one or more elements shown in the figures may be enlarged or resized to facilitate recognition and discussion.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary magnetic field measurement system according to principles described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary computing device that may implement a controller of the magnetic field measurement system of FIG. 1 according to principles described herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary configuration of the magnetic field measurement system of FIG. 1 according to principles described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates another exemplary configuration of the magnetic field measurement system of FIG. 1 according to principles described herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates yet another exemplary configuration of the magnetic field measurement system of FIG. 1 according to principles described herein.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary magnetometer according to principles described herein.

FIG. 7 shows a magnetic spectrum in magnetic field strength on a logarithmic scale according to principles described herein.

FIG. 8A illustrates an exemplary Bz′ component generator of a magnetic field generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 8B illustrates an exemplary configuration of the Bz′ component generator of FIG. 8A.

FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate exemplary functional diagrams of various configurations of the Bz′ component generator of FIG. 8A according to principles described herein.

FIG. 10 illustrates another exemplary Bz′ component generator of a magnetic field generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 11A illustrates a functional diagram of an exemplary configuration of the Bz′ component generator of FIG. 10 according to principles described herein.

FIG. 11B illustrates an exemplary configuration of the Bz′ component generator 800 of FIGS. 10 and 11A according to principles described herein.

FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary functional diagram for driving a Bz′ component generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 13 illustrates another exemplary functional diagram for driving a Bz′ component generator according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 14A and 14B show plan views of an exemplary Bx′/By′ component generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 14C shows a side view functional diagram of the Bx′/By′ component generator of FIGS. 14A and 14B taken along the dashed lines labeled XIV-XIV according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate exemplary configurations of an elastomeric connector that may be used as interconnects in the Bx′/By′ component generator of FIGS. 14A-14C according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 16A and 16B show plan views of another exemplary Bx′/By′ component generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 16C shows a side view functional diagram of the Bx′/By′ component generator of FIGS. 16A and 16B taken along the dashed lines labeled XVI-XVI according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 17A and 17B show plan views of another exemplary Bx′/By′ component generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 17C shows a side view functional diagram of the Bx′/By′ component generator of FIGS. 17A and 17B taken along the dashed lines labeled XVII-XVII according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 18A and 18B show plan views of an exemplary configuration of a Bx′/By′ component generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 18C shows a perspective view of various conductive windings that may be included in the Bx′/By′ component generator of FIGS. 18A and 18B according to principles described herein.

FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of an exemplary physical implementation of a wearable sensor unit according to principles described herein.

FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional side view of the physical implementation of the wearable sensor unit shown in FIG. 19 according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 21A-21C show functional diagrams of exemplary wearable devices according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 22-27 illustrate exemplary physical implementations of a wearable device 2200 according to principles described herein.

FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary magnetic field generator design system according to principles described herein.

FIGS. 29-32 illustrate exemplary methods of making a magnetic field generator according to principles described herein.

FIG. 33 illustrates an exemplary computing device according to principles described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Magnetic field generators for use in magnetic field measuring systems are described herein. An exemplary magnetic field generator includes a plurality of conductive windings. The plurality of conductive windings includes at least a first conductive winding arranged in a first plane and a second conductive winding arranged in a second plane. The second plane is substantially parallel to the first plane. The plurality of conductive windings are configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a first component (e.g., a Bz′ component) of a compensation magnetic field. The first component of the compensation magnetic field is configured to actively shield a magnetic field sensing region located between the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding from an ambient background magnetic field along a first axis (e.g., a z-axis) that is substantially orthogonal to the first plane and the second plane. For example, the first component of the compensation magnetic field may reduce or cancel a first component (e.g., a Bz component) of the ambient background magnetic field, which is the component of the ambient background magnetic field along the first axis. In some examples the first component of the compensation magnetic field is substantially equal and opposite to the first component of the ambient background magnetic field.

In some examples, a wearable sensor unit may include a plurality of magnetometers and a magnetic field generator. The plurality of magnetometers (e.g., vapor cells included in the plurality of magnetometers) may be positioned in the magnetic field sensing region. Accordingly, the magnetic field generator may generate a magnetic field configured to actively shield the magnetometers (e.g., the vapor cells) from the first component of the ambient background magnetic field.

Advantageously, the magnetic field generators described herein substantially reduce or cancel a first component of the ambient background magnetic field in a magnetic field sensing region with minimal spatial variability. For example, the ambient background magnetic field may vary by no more than 10-20 nano-Tesla (nT) within the magnetic field sensing region. Additionally, the magnetic field generators may be much smaller compared to conventional configurations. For example, the magnetic field generators (e.g., the conductive windings and/or substrates on which the conductive windings are arranged) may be approximately three-and-a-half (3.5) times, or less, than the size of the magnetic field sensing region when measured along an axis that is orthogonal to the first axis (e.g., an x-axis or a y-axis). Accordingly, the magnetic field generator can be easily integrated into a wearable sensor unit that may be worn (e.g., on a head) by a user. Thus, the magnetic field generators described herein may allow for greater mobility of a user wearing the wearable sensor unit(s). Additionally, multiple wearable sensor units may be included in a wearable device of a magnetic field measurement system, thereby allowing high resolution magnetic field measurement. Furthermore, the magnetic field generator described herein can be easily manufactured with a simple process. These and other benefits will be made apparent in the disclosure that follows.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary magnetic field measurement system 100 (“system 100”). As shown, system 100 includes a wearable sensor unit 102 and a controller 104. Wearable sensor unit 102 includes a plurality of magnetometers 106-1 through 106-N (collectively “magnetometers 106”) and a magnetic field generator 108. Wearable sensor unit 102 may include additional components (e.g., one or more magnetic field sensors, position sensors, orientation sensors, accelerometers, image recorders, detectors, etc.) as may serve a particular implementation. System 100 may be used in MEG and/or any other application that measures relatively weak magnetic fields.

Wearable sensor unit 102 is configured to be worn by a user (e.g., on a head of the user). In some examples, wearable sensor unit 102 is portable. In other words, wearable sensor unit 102 may be small and light enough to be easily carried by a user and/or worn by the user while the user moves around and/or otherwise performs daily activities.

Any suitable number of magnetometers 106 may be included in wearable sensor unit 102. For example, wearable sensor unit 102 may include an array of nine, sixteen, twenty-five, or any other suitable plurality of magnetometers 106 as may serve a particular implementation.

Magnetometers 106 may each be implemented by any suitable combination of components configured to be sensitive enough to detect a relatively weak magnetic field (e.g., magnetic fields that come from the brain). For example, each magnetometer may include a light source, a vapor cell such as an alkali metal vapor cell (the terms “cell,” “gas cell,” “vapor cell,” and “vapor gas cell” are used interchangeably herein), a heater for the vapor cell, and a photodetector (e.g., a signal photodiode). Examples of suitable light sources include, but are not limited to, a diode laser (such as a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), distributed Bragg reflector laser (DBR), or distributed feedback laser (DFB)), light-emitting diode (LED), lamp, or any other suitable light source. In some embodiments, the light source may include two light sources: a pump light source and a probe light source. These magnetometer components, and manners in which they operate to detect magnetic fields, are described in more detail herein, as well as in in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/457,655, filed Jun. 28, 2019, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Magnetic field generator 108 may be implemented by one or more components configured to generate one or more compensation magnetic fields that actively shield magnetometers 106 (including respective vapor cells) from ambient background magnetic fields (e.g., the Earth's magnetic field, magnetic fields generated by nearby magnetic objects such as passing vehicles, electrical devices and/or other field generators within an environment of magnetometers 106, and/or magnetic fields generated by other external sources). For example, magnetic field generator 108 may be configured to generate compensation magnetic fields in the x-, y-, and/or z-direction (all directions are with respect to one or more planes within which magnetic field generator 108 is located). The compensation magnetic fields are configured to cancel out, or substantially reduce, ambient background magnetic fields in a magnetic field sensing region with minimal spatial variability. As used herein, magnetic fields generated by magnetic field generator 108 in the z-direction are referred to as a Bz′ component of the compensation magnetic field, magnetic fields generated by magnetic field generator 108 in the x-direction are referred to as a Bx′ component of the compensation magnetic field, and magnetic fields generated by magnetic field generator 108 in the y-direction are referred to as a By′ component of the compensation magnetic field. Specific implementations of magnetic field generator 108 are described in more detail herein.

Controller 104 is configured to interface with (e.g., control an operation of, receive signals from, etc.) magnetometers 106 and the magnetic field generator 108. Controller 104 may also interface with other components that may be included in wearable sensor unit 102 (e.g., magnetic field sensors).

In some examples, controller 104 is referred to herein as a “single” controller 104. This means that only one controller is used to interface with all of the components of wearable sensor unit 102. For example, controller 104 is the only controller that interfaces with magnetometers 106 and magnetic field generator 108. This is in contrast to conventional configurations in which discrete magnetometers each have their own discrete controller associated therewith. It will be recognized, however, that any number of controllers may interface with components of magnetic field measurement system 100 as may suit a particular implementation.

As shown, controller 104 may be communicatively coupled to each of magnetometers 106 and magnetic field generator 108. For example, FIG. 1 shows that controller 104 is communicatively coupled to magnetometer 106-1 by way of communication link 110-1, to magnetometer 106-2 by way of communication link 110-2, to magnetometer 106-N by way of communication link 110-N, and to magnetic field generator 108 by way of communication link 112. In this configuration, controller 104 may interface with magnetometers 106 by way of communication links 110-1 through 110-N (collectively “communication links 110”) and with magnetic field generator 108 by way of communication link 112.

Communication links 110 and communication link 112 may be implemented by any suitable wired connection as may serve a particular implementation. For example, communication links 110 may be implemented by one or more twisted pair cables while communication link 112 may be implemented by one or more coaxial cables. Other communication links between controller 104 and wearable sensor unit 102 may additionally be included to facilitate control of and/or communication with other components included in wearable sensor unit 102.

Controller 104 may be implemented in any suitable manner. For example, controller 104 may be implemented by a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, and/or other suitable circuit together with various control circuitry.

In some examples, controller 104 is implemented on one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs) included in a single housing. In cases where controller 104 is implemented on a PCB, the PCB may include various connection interfaces configured to facilitate communication links 110 and 112. For example, the PCB may include one or more twisted pair cable connection interfaces to which one or more twisted pair cables may be connected (e.g., plugged into) and/or one or more coaxial cable connection interfaces to which one or more coaxial cables may be connected (e.g., plugged into).

In some examples, controller 104 may be implemented by or within a computing device. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary computing device 200 that may implement controller 104. Computing device 200 may be implemented by a desktop computer, a mobile device, a server, and/or any other single computing device having a single housing for components of the computing device.

As shown, computing device 200 may include, without limitation, a storage facility 202 and a processing facility 204 selectively and communicatively coupled to one another. Facilities 202 and 204 may each include or be implemented by hardware and/or software components (e.g., processors, memories, communication interfaces, instructions stored in memory for execution by the processors, etc.).

Storage facility 202 may maintain (e.g., store) executable data used by processing facility 204 to perform one or more of the operations described herein. For example, storage facility 202 may store instructions 206 that may be executed by processing facility 204 to perform one or more of the operations described herein. Instructions 206 may be implemented by any suitable application, software, code, and/or other executable data instance. Storage facility 202 may also maintain any data received, generated, managed, used, and/or transmitted by processing facility 204.

Processing facility 204 may be configured to perform (e.g., execute instructions 206 stored in storage facility 202 to perform) various operations described herein.

As shown, computing device 200 may be communicatively coupled to a user input device 208 and to a display device 210. User input device 208 may be implemented by a keyboard, a mouse, a touch screen, a track ball, a joystick, a voice recognition system, and/or any other component configured to facilitate providing of user input to computing device 200. Display device 210 may be implemented by a monitor, a screen, a printer, and/or any other device configured to display output provided by computing device 200. In some examples, display device 210 is integrated into a single unit with computing device 200.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary configuration 300 of system 100 in which controller 104 includes a clock source 302 configured to generate a common clock signal used by controller 104 to interface with the components of wearable sensor unit 102. For example, controller 104 may use the common clock signal to drive or otherwise control various components within each of magnetometers 106 and drive or otherwise control magnetic field generator 108. Use of the common clock signal to interface with magnetometers 106 and magnetic field generator 108 is illustrated in FIG. 3 (and various other figures) by dashed lines interconnecting clock source 302 and magnetometers 106 and magnetic field generator 108.

By using a single common clock signal (as opposed to an array of independent clocks as done in conventional configurations), controller 104 may ensure that communication with magnetometers 106 and magnetic field generator 108 (and, in some implementations, other components within wearable sensor unit 102) is synchronized, thereby reducing or eliminating crosstalk between signals transmitted between controller 104 and wearable sensor unit 102, as well as providing other benefits described herein.

In some implementations, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, controller 104 is remote from (i.e., not included within) wearable sensor unit 102. For example, in these implementations, controller 104 may be implemented by or included in a standalone computing device not configured to be worn by a user (e.g., computing device 200). The computing device may interface with one or more user input devices (e.g., user input device 208) and one or more display devices (e.g., display device 210). In this manner, a user may provide user input by way of the computing device to control, program, configure, or otherwise interface with controller 104. The computing device may present information (e.g., output data generated by wearable sensor unit 102) by way of the one or more display devices.

FIG. 4 shows an alternative configuration 400 in which controller 104 is included within wearable sensor unit 102. Configuration 400 may allow a user of wearable sensor unit 102 to travel or otherwise move freely while still wearing wearable sensor unit 102 without having to ensure that wearable sensor unit 102 is connected to a separate non-wearable controller.

In configuration 400, controller 104 may include one or more interfaces (e.g., wired or wireless interfaces) configured to facilitate communication between controller 104 and an external computing device. In this manner, a user may use the external computing device to control, program, configure, or otherwise interface with controller 104. Wearable sensor unit 102 may further include a power supply (not shown) configured to provide operating power to controller 104 and various other components included in wearable sensor unit 102.

As another exemplary configuration, controller 104 may be included in a wearable sensor unit other than wearable sensor unit 102. For example, a magnetic field measurement system may include a first wearable sensor unit and a second wearable sensor unit. A controller included in the first wearable sensor unit may be communicatively coupled to the second wearable senor unit and configured to control both the first and second wearable senor units. To this end, the first and second wearable sensor units may be communicatively coupled by way of any suitable communication link.

As another exemplary configuration, controller 104 may be included in a wearable device configured to be worn by a user and separate from wearable sensor unit 102. For example, controller 104 may be included in a wearable device (e.g., a device that may be worn on the head, on the back (e.g., in a backpack), and/or on the waist (e.g., in a unit configured to clip or strap to a belt of the user)) and communicatively coupled to wearable sensor unit 102 by way of any suitable communication link. Examples of this are described herein.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary configuration 500 in which controller 104 is configured to concurrently interface with multiple wearable sensor units (e.g., multiple wearable sensor units configured to be worn concurrently by a user). For example, as shown, controller 104 is communicatively coupled to wearable sensor unit 102-1 and wearable sensor unit 102-2 (collectively “wearable sensor units 102”). As shown, both wearable sensor units 102 include a plurality of magnetometers 106 and a magnetic field generator 108. As shown, controller 104 may interface with magnetometers 106 by way of communication links 110 and with magnetic field generators 108 by way of communication links 112.

As shown, the common clock signal output by clock source 202 is configured to be used by controller 104 to control or otherwise interface with all of the components of both wearable sensor units 102. In this manner, operation of and data output by wearable sensor units 102 may be synchronized.

In the examples described above, controller 104 of system 100 may control or interface with various components of one or more wearable sensor units 102 to measure biological or other magnetic fields. As explained above, a wearable sensor unit 102 may include, in some examples, one or more magnetometers 106 and a magnetic field generator 108. These components will now be described.

Magnetometers 106 may be any suitable magnetometers, such as but not limited to optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs), nitrogen vacancy (NV) diamond sensors, and magnetoresistance sensors. OPMs may operate in a vector mode and/or a scalar mode. In some examples, vector mode OPMs may operate at zero-fields and may utilize a spin exchange relaxation free (SERF) mode to reach femto-Tesla sensitivities.

FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary magnetometer 106. As shown, magnetometer 106 is an OPM. Magnetometer 106 includes a light source 602, a vapor cell 604, a signal photodetector 606, and a heater 608. In addition, magnetic field generator 108 can be positioned around vapor cell 604. Magnetometer 106 may include additional or alternative components as may suit a particular implementation, such as optics (e.g., lenses, waveplates, collimators, polarizers, and/or objects with reflective surfaces for beam shaping and polarization control and for directing light from light source 602 to vapor cell 604 and to signal photodetector 606) and/or any other suitable components.

Light source 602 is configured to generate and emit light (e.g., laser light) to optically pump alkali metal atoms in vapor cell 604 and to probe vapor cell 604. Examples of suitable light source devices include, but are not limited to, a diode laser (e.g., a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL), a distributed Bragg reflector laser (DBR), a distributed feedback laser (DFB), etc.), a light-emitting diode (LED), a lamp, or any other suitable light source.

Vapor cell 604 contains an alkali metal vapor (e.g., rubidium in natural abundance, isotopically enriched rubidium, potassium, or cesium, or any other suitable alkali metal such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, or francium) and, optionally, a quenching gas (e.g., nitrogen) and/or a buffer gas (e.g., nitrogen, helium, neon, or argon). It will be recognized that vapor cell 604 can contain additional or other gases or vapors as may suit a particular implementation. Heater 608 is configured to heat vapor cell 604.

Signal photodetector 606 is configured to detect and measure optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, and/or polarization) of light emitted by light source 602 that has passed through vapor cell 604. Examples of suitable signal photodetectors include, but are not limited to, a photodiode, a charge coupled device (CCD) array, a CMOS array, a camera, a photodiode array, a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array, an avalanche photodiode (APD) array, and/or any other suitable optical sensor array that can measure a change in transmitted light at the optical wavelengths of interest.

Operation of magnetometer 106 will now be described. Light emitted by light source 602 enters vapor cell 604 where it induces a transparent steady state in the alkali metal vapor. In the transparent steady state the light is allowed to pass through the vapor cell 604 with minimal absorption by the alkali metal vapor and, hence, maximal detection by signal photodetector 606. Magnetic fields generated from a target source (e.g., magnetic fields generated by a user's brain) cause the transparency of the alkali metal vapor to decrease so that less light is detected at signal photodetector 606. The change in light detected at signal photodetector 606 is correlated to magnetic fields generated by the target source.

However, ambient background magnetic fields may interfere with the measurement by magnetometer 106 of magnetic fields generated by a target source. As used herein, the term “ambient background magnetic fields” refers to a magnetic field or magnetic fields associated with (e.g., generated by) sources other than system 100 and the sources of interest (e.g., magnetic fields associated with neural signals from a user's brain). The ambient background magnetic fields can include, for example, the Earth's magnetic field as well as magnetic fields from magnets, electromagnets, electrical devices, and other signal or field generators in the environment other than magnetic field generator 108 that is part of system 100.

FIG. 7 shows the magnetic spectrum from 1 fT to 100 μT in magnetic field strength on a logarithmic scale. The magnitude of magnetic fields generated by the human brain are indicated by range 702 and the magnitude of ambient background magnetic fields, including the Earth's magnetic field, by range 704. The strength of the Earth's magnetic field covers a range as it depends on the position on the Earth as well as the materials of the surrounding environment where the magnetic field is measured. Range 706 indicates the approximate measurement range of a magnetometer (e.g., an OPM) operating in the SERF mode (e.g., a SERF magnetometer) and range 708 indicates the approximate measurement range of a magnetometer operating in the scalar mode (e.g., a scalar magnetometer.) Typically, a SERF magnetometer is more sensitive than a scalar magnetometer, but many conventional SERF magnetometers typically only operate up to about 0 to 200 nT while the scalar magnetometer starts in the 10 to 100 fT range but extends above 10 to 100 μT. At very high magnetic fields the scalar magnetometer typically becomes nonlinear due to a nonlinear Zeeman splitting of atomic energy levels.

As can be seen from FIG. 7, SERF magnetometers have high sensitivity but, conventionally, cannot function in a magnetic field higher than about 50 nT, which is approximately 1/1000 of the magnetic field strength generated by the Earth. For a SERF magnetometer to accurately measure biological and other weak signals, the strength of ambient background magnetic fields, including the Earth's magnetic field, need to be canceled or reduced to at least less than about 10-20 nT. Accordingly, wearable sensor unit 102 includes one or more active magnetic field shields (e.g., magnetic field generator 108) and, optionally, one or more passive magnetic field shields. An active magnetic field shield generates, for example, an equal and opposite magnetic vector that cancels out, or substantially reduces, the ambient background magnetic fields. A passive magnetic field shield redirects magnetic fields away from magnetic field sensors (e.g., away from magnetometers 106). Exemplary passive magnetic field shields are described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/457,655, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Magnetic field generator 108 is configured to generate a compensation magnetic field configured to actively shield a magnetic field sensing region from ambient background magnetic fields. An ambient background magnetic field B is a vector magnetic field that has magnitude and direction at each point in space. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, ambient background magnetic field B can be expressed as:

B=i·Bx+j·By+k·Bz

where Bx, By and Bz are the Cartesian components of the ambient background magnetic field and i, j, and k are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and z-axes. The compensation magnetic field B′ generated by magnetic field generator 108 is expressed as:

B′=i·Bx′+j·By′+k·Bz′

where Bx′, By′ and Bz′ are the Cartesian components of the compensation magnetic field and i, j, and k are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and z-axes. In some examples, controller 104 may determine the compensation magnetic field to be generated by magnetic field generator 108. For example, controller 104 may interface with one or more magnetic field sensors included in wearable sensor unit 102 to measure the ambient background magnetic field B. Controller 104 may determine the compensation magnetic field B′ (e.g., determine the Bx′ component, the By′ component, and/or the Bz′ component of compensation magnetic field B′) based on the measured ambient background magnetic field B. Exemplary methods for determining a compensation magnetic field are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/213,980, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Controller 104 may then drive magnetic field generator 108 to generate the compensation magnetic field.

The compensation magnetic field generated by magnetic field generator 108 may actively shield the magnetic field sensing region by canceling or substantially reducing (e.g., by at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%, etc.) ambient background magnetic fields in one, two, or three dimensions. For example, magnetic field generator 108 may include one or more of a Bz′ component generator, a Bx′ component generator, and/or a By′ component generator configured to cancel or substantially reduce ambient background magnetic fields along a z-axis, an x-axis, and/or a y-axis associated with magnetic field generator 108.

FIG. 8A illustrates an exemplary Bz′ component generator 800 of magnetic field generator 108. As shown, Bz′ component generator 800 includes a plurality of conductive windings 802 arranged in opposing parallel planes. For example, Bz′ component generator 800 includes a first conductive winding 802-1 arranged in a first plane and a second conductive winding 802-2 arranged in a second plane that is substantially parallel to the first plane. A magnetic field sensing region 804 is located between conductive winding 802-1 and conductive winding 802-2. Magnetic field sensing region 804 is a region where one or more magnetometers 106 (e.g., vapor cells 604) may be located.

Bz′ component generator 800 is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 804 (and hence magnetometers 106) from ambient background magnetic fields along a z-axis, such as by substantially reducing or canceling a Bz component of ambient background magnetic fields at magnetic field sensing region 804. Legend 806 indicates an orientation of x-, y-, and z-axes, which have been arbitrarily assigned relative to components of magnetic field generator 108. As indicated by legend 806, the z-axis is a direction normal to the first plane and the second plane, the x-axis is a direction orthogonal to the z-axis and parallel to the first plane and the second plane, and the y-axis is a direction orthogonal to the z-axis and the x-axis and parallel to the first plane and the second plane.

Each conductive winding 802 comprises one or more coils, half coils, loops, and/or turns of conductive wiring forming a continuous electrical path arranged substantially in a single plane. Conductive windings 802 may be formed of any suitable conductor of electrical current, such as metallic conductors (e.g., copper, silver, and/or gold) and non-metallic conductors (e.g., carbon). Each conductive winding 802 may be arranged in a plane in any suitable way. In some examples, each conductive winding 802 is arranged (e.g., etched, printed, soldered, deposited, or otherwise attached) on a planar substrate. The planar substrate may be formed of any suitable material, such as but not limited to alumina, ceramics, glass, and/or PCB material. FIG. 8B illustrates an exemplary configuration of Bz′ component generator 800 in which conductive winding 802-1 is arranged on an upper surface of a first PCB 808-1 and conductive winding 802-2 (not shown) is arranged on a bottom surface of a second PCB 808-2. Second PCB 808-2 is substantially parallel to first PCB 808-1. While PCBs 808 are shown to be round, they may be any other shape as may suit a particular implementation. PCBs 808 may be supported and maintained in substantially parallel alignment in any suitable way, such as by one or more posts, screws, or other suitable supporting structures.

FIGS. 9A-9D show exemplary functional diagrams of Bz′ component generator 800 and illustrate various configurations in which conductive windings 802 may be arranged on parallel planes. In FIGS. 9A-9D conductive windings 802 are shown to have a vertical (z-direction) dimension above substrates 902 on which they are arranged. However, this is only for illustration purposes, as conductive windings 802 may be implemented by traces on substrates 902 or otherwise be embedded within substrates 902.

FIG. 9A illustrates an exemplary configuration in which Bz′ component generator 800 includes a single substrate 902. Conductive winding 802-1 is arranged on a first surface 904-1 of substrate 902 and conductive winding 802-2 is arranged on a second surface 904-2 of substrate 902. First surface 904-1 corresponds to the first plane and second surface 904-2 corresponds to the second plane. Substrate 902 has a hole 906 aligned with center openings of conductive windings 802. Magnetic field sensing region 804 is located in hole 906.

FIG. 9B illustrates another exemplary configuration in which Bz′ component generator 800 includes two substrates 902 (e.g., first substrate 902-1 and second substrate 902-2). Conductive winding 802-1 is arranged on an outer surface 904-1 of first substrate 902-1 (e.g., a surface facing away from magnetic field sensing region 804) and conductive winding 802-2 is arranged on an outer surface 904-2 of second substrate 902-2 (e.g., a surface facing away from magnetic field sensing region 804). Outer surface 904-1 corresponds to the first plane and outer surface 904-2 corresponds to the second plane.

FIG. 9C illustrates another exemplary configuration of Bz′ component generator 800. FIG. 9C is the same as FIG. 9B except that conductive winding 802-1 is arranged on an inner surface 904-3 of first substrate 902-1 (e.g., a surface facing magnetic field sensing region 804) and conductive winding 802-2 is arranged on an inner surface 904-4 of second substrate 902-2 (e.g., a surface facing magnetic field sensing region 804). Inner surface 904-3 corresponds to the first plane and inner surface 904-4 corresponds to the second plane.

FIG. 9D illustrates another exemplary configuration of Bz′ component generator 800. FIG. 9D is the same as FIG. 9B except that conductive winding 802-1 is arranged on inner surface 904-3 of first substrate 902-1 (e.g., a surface facing magnetic field sensing region 804), while conductive winding 802-2 is arranged on outer surface 904-2 of second substrate 902-2 (e.g., a surface facing away from magnetic field sensing region 804). Inner surface 904-3 corresponds to the first plane and outer surface 904-2 corresponds to the second plane.

In the foregoing examples, Bz′ component generator 800 has two conductive windings. However, Bz′ component generator 800 may have any other number of conductive windings as may suit a particular implementation, as illustrated in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 is the same as FIG. 8A except that the plurality of conductive windings 802 further includes a conductive winding 802-3 arranged in a third plane and a conductive winding 802-4 arranged in a fourth plane. The third plane and the fourth plane are substantially parallel to the first plane and the second plane. Magnetic field sensing region 804 is located between conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4. However, magnetic field sensing region 804 may be located in any other suitable location.

Conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4 may be arranged on the third plane and the fourth plane in any manner described herein. FIG. 11A shows a functional diagram of another exemplary configuration of Bz′ component generator 800. FIG. 11A is the same as FIG. 9B except that conductive winding 802-3 is arranged on inner surface 904-3 of first substrate 902-1 and conductive winding 802-4 is arranged on inner surface 904-4 of second substrate 902-2. Inner surface 904-3 corresponds to the third plane and inner surface 904-4 corresponds to the fourth plane. FIG. 11B illustrates an exemplary configuration of Bz′ component generator 800 shown in FIGS. 10 and 11A. FIG. 11B is the same as FIG. 8B except that conductive winding 802-3 (not visible in FIG. 11B) is arranged on an inner surface of first PCB 808-1 (e.g., a surface facing magnetic field sensing region 804) and conductive winding 802-4 is arranged on an inner surface of second PCB 808-2 (e.g., a surface facing magnetic field sensing region 804).

The foregoing examples show conductive windings 802-1 through 802-4 arranged on two substrates (e.g., PCBs 808 or substrates 902). In other examples conductive windings 802-1 through 802-4 may be arranged on more than two substrates. For instance, each conductive winding 802 may each be arranged on a separate substrate. However, arranging multiple conductive windings 802 on a single substrate (e.g., on opposite surfaces of a substrate, as illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B) fixes the alignment of the conductive windings 802 relative to one another and thus prevents inadvertent misalignments.

In the examples described above, conductive windings 802 may have any winding pattern as may suit a particular implementation. As used herein, a winding pattern may refer to the path of conductive wiring, the spacing between adjacent wires, a width/thickness of wires, the number of loops or turns, the direction of current flow, and the like. In some examples the winding patterns of conductive windings 802 may be automatically generated by a magnetic field generator design system configured to optimize the winding patterns based on a set of inputs. An exemplary magnetic field generator design system will be described below in more detail. Generally, the winding patterns of conductive windings 802 are configured to generate a homogeneous magnetic field at the magnetic field sensing region. The winding patterns may be configured to generate a homogeneous magnetic field that is approximately 30% the size of conductive windings 802, as measured along the x- or y-direction.

In some examples, winding patterns of the plurality of conductive windings are substantially identical (e.g., mirror images of one another). For example, conductive winding 802-1 may be substantially identical to conductive winding 802-2. Additionally, conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4 may be substantially identical to each other and/or to conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2.

In some examples, conductive windings 802 may grouped into pairs (e.g., based on a drive current supplied, a location of conductive windings 802, etc.) such that conductive windings 802 within a particular pair have the same winding patterns, but different pairs of conductive windings 802 have different winding patterns. For instance, winding patterns of conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2 may be substantially identical, and winding patterns of conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4 may be substantially identical but different from the winding patterns of conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2.

In some examples, conductive windings 802 within a particular pair of conductive windings have different winding patterns. For instance, winding patterns of conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2 may be different from one another. This may be desirable when magnetic sensing region 804 is off-center in the z-direction (e.g., is closer to first substrate 902-1 or second substrate 902-2). Winding patterns of conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4 may be substantially identical or may also be different from one another.

Controller 104 is configured is to drive conductive windings 802 by supplying one or more drive currents to conductive windings 802. FIG. 12 shows an exemplary functional diagram indicating how controller 104 may drive Bz′ component generator 800. As shown, controller 104 may supply a first drive current 1202-1 to conductive winding 802-1 and supply a second drive current 1202-2 to conductive winding 802-2. Drive currents 1302 may be supplied, for example, by way of communication link 112.

FIG. 13 illustrates another exemplary schematic illustrating how controller 104 may drive Bz′ component generator 800. FIG. 13 is the same as FIG. 12 except that Bz′ component generator 800 further includes conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4. Accordingly, controller 104 is configured to supply a third drive current 1202-3 to conductive winding 802-3 and supply a fourth drive current 1202-4 to conductive winding 802-4. Drive currents 1202-3 and 1202-4 may be supplied by way of communication link 112.

Conductive windings 802 are configured to generate a Bz′ component of a compensation magnetic field when conductive windings 802 are supplied with drive currents 1202. The Bz′ component of the compensation magnetic field is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 804 from ambient background magnetic fields along the z-axis, such as by reducing or canceling a Bz component of ambient background magnetic fields. In some examples, the Bz′ component of the compensation magnetic field is substantially equal and opposite to the Bz component of the ambient background magnetic fields.

Controller 104 may drive conductive windings 802 in any suitable way. For example, controller 104 may supply conductive windings 802 with the same drive current 1202. In other words, drive currents 1202 may all be the same current. In some examples controller 104 includes a single driver configured to supply all drive currents 1202 to conductive windings 802. In alternative examples, controller 104 includes a plurality of individual drivers each configured to supply a drive current 1202, but controller 104 controls the drivers to supply the same drive current to conductive windings 802. By driving conductive windings 802 such that drive currents 1202 are the same, conductive windings 802 generate a uniform magnetic field along the z-direction in magnetic field sensing region 804.

Alternatively to supplying conductive windings 802 with the same drive current, controller 104 may supply one or more of conductive windings 802 with a drive current that is different from drive currents supplied to other conductive windings 802. For example, drive current 1202-1 may be different from drive current 1202-2. Additionally or alternatively, drive current 1202-3 may be different from drive current 1202-4. When conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2 are driven with different drive currents, Bz′ component generator 800 generates a gradient magnetic field (e.g., a dBz′/dz gradient). When conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2 are driven with different drive currents and conductive windings 802-3 and 802-4 are driven with the same drive (or vice versa), Bz′ component generator 800 generates a gradient magnetic field in addition to the Bz′ component of the compensation magnetic field. The gradient magnetic field is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region from fields that linearly vary along the z-axis, as will be explained below in more detail.

As mentioned above, magnetic field generator 108 may include, in addition to or in place of Bz′ component generator 800, a Bx′ component generator and/or a By′ component generator configured to cancel or substantially reduce ambient background magnetic fields along the x-axis and/or the y-axis.

FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate an exemplary configuration of a Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 of magnetic field generator 108. FIGS. 14A and 14B show plan views (e.g., views in the z-direction) of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400, and FIG. 14C is a side view functional diagram of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 (e.g., as viewed in the y-direction) taken along the dashed lines labeled XIV-XIV. Legend 1402 indicates an orientation of x-, y-, and z-axes. The orientation of legend 1402 is the same as the orientation of legend 806 relative to magnetic field generator 108.

As shown, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 includes a first substrate 1404-1 and a second substrate 1404-2 positioned opposite to first substrate 1404-1 and separated from first substrate 1404-1 in the z-direction by a gap. Substrates 1404 may be formed of any suitable material, such as but not limited to alumina, ceramics, glass, and/or PCB board. In some examples in which magnetic field generator 108 includes Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 in addition to Bz′ component generator 800, substrates 1404 and substrates 902 are the same (e.g., substrate 1404-1 is implemented by substrate 902-1 and substrate 1404-2 is implemented by substrate 902-2). In alternative examples, substrates 1404 are different than substrates 902. Exemplary configurations of magnetic field generator 108 will be described below in more detail. Substrates 1404 are shown to have an octagonal shape. However, substrates 1404 may have any shape as may suit a particular implementation.

A magnetic field sensing region 1406 is located in the gap (see FIG. 14C). Magnetic field sensing region 1406 is a region where one or more magnetometers 106 (including respective vapor cells 604) may be located. In some examples in which Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 is used in combination with Bz′ component generator 800, magnetic field sensing region 1406 is the same as magnetic field sensing region 804.

A first wiring set 1408-1 is arranged on first substrate 1404-1 and a second wiring set 1408-2 is arranged on second substrate 1404-2. Each wiring set 1408 comprises a plurality of electrically unconnected wires extending generally along the y-direction. Wiring sets 1408 may be formed of any suitable conductor of electrical current, such as metallic conductors (e.g., copper, silver, and/or gold) and non-metallic conductors (e.g., carbon). Wiring sets 1408 may be arranged on substrates 1404 in any suitable manner (e.g., etched, printed, soldered, deposited, or otherwise attached).

Interconnects 1410 (e.g., first interconnect 1410-1 and second interconnect 1410-2) are positioned between first substrate 1404-1 and second substrate 1404-2. Interconnects 1410 electrically connect first wiring set 1408-1 with second wiring set 1408-2 to thereby form a continuous electrical path (as represented by the dashed line in FIG. 14C) through first wiring set 1408-1 and second wiring set 1408-2. Interconnects 1410 may electrically connect to wiring sets 1408 in by connections 1414 (e.g., one or more relays, contact pads, wires, etc.). Interconnects 1410 may comprise any suitable electrical connector configured to electrically connect first wiring set 1408-1 on first substrate 1404-1 with second wiring set 1408-2 on second substrate 1404-2. In some examples, each interconnect 1410 is an elastomeric connector that is anisotropically conductive in the z-direction. Suitable elastomeric connectors may include, for example, zebra connectors commercially available from Fujipoly America Corp.

FIGS. 15A and 15B illustrate exemplary configurations of an elastomeric connector that may be used as interconnects 1410. As shown in FIG. 15A, a lamination-type elastomeric connector 1500A includes a plurality of thin, planar conductive elements 1502, each of which is electrically isolated from other conductive elements 1502 by intervening isolation elements 1504. Conductive elements 1502 may be formed of any suitable conductive material (e.g., silver, gold, copper, etc.). Isolation elements 1504 may be formed of any suitable electrically insulating material (e.g., an elastomeric material). Conductive elements 1502 and isolation elements 1504 are stacked in an alternating pattern. In some examples, as shown in FIG. 15A, conductive elements 1502 and isolation elements 1504 are enclosed between side support barriers 1506-1 and 1506-2. Side support barriers 1506 may also be formed of a suitable electrically insulating material. When elastomeric connector 1500A is positioned between substrates 1404, each conductive element 1502 is oriented in the z-direction and makes contact with first substrate 1404-1 and second substrate 1404-2 (e.g., with contact pads on first substrate 1404-1 and second substrate 1404-2).

FIG. 15B illustrates an exemplary matrix-type elastomeric connector 1500B. Elastomeric connector 1500B is the same as elastomeric connector 1500A except that conductive elements 1502 comprise fine conductive wires embedded within an elastomer matrix 1508.

Referring again to FIGS. 14A-14C, continuous electrical path 1412 forms a conductive winding configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a Bx′ component of a compensation magnetic field. The Bx′ component of the compensation magnetic field is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 1406 from ambient background magnetic fields along the x-axis. For example, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 may substantially reduce or cancel a Bx component of ambient background magnetic fields at magnetic field sensing region 1406. In some examples, the Bx′ component of the compensation magnetic field is substantially equal and opposite to the Bx component of the ambient background magnetic fields.

In alternative embodiments, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 may be configured to generate a By′ component of the compensation magnetic field. FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate another exemplary configuration of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400. FIGS. 16A-16C are the same as FIGS. 14A-14C except that wiring sets 1408 extend generally in the x-direction. Thus, continuous electrical path 1412 forms a conductive winding configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a By′ component of a compensation magnetic field. The By′ component of the compensation magnetic field is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 1406 from ambient background magnetic fields along the y-axis. For example, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 may substantially reduce or cancel a By component of ambient background magnetic fields at magnetic field sensing region 1406. In some examples, the By′ component of the compensation magnetic field is substantially equal and opposite to the By component of the ambient background magnetic fields.

In some embodiments, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 1406 from ambient background magnetic fields in both the x-direction and the y-direction. FIGS. 17A-17C show another exemplary configuration of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400. FIGS. 17A-17C are the same as FIGS. 14A-14C except that a third wiring set 1408-3 is arranged on first substrate 1404-1 in addition to first wiring set 1408-1, and a fourth wiring set 1408-4 is arranged on second substrate 1404-2 in addition to second wiring set 1408-2. First wiring set 1408-1 and second wiring set 1408-2 extend generally in the y-direction while third wiring set 1408-3 and fourth wiring set 1408-4 extend generally in the x-direction. Interconnects 1410-1 and 1410-2 electrically connect first wiring set 1408-1 with second wiring set 1408-2 to form a first continuous electrical path 1412 through first wiring set 1408-1 and second wiring set 1408-2, and interconnects 1410-3 and 1410-4 electrically connect third wiring set 1408-3 with fourth wiring set 1408-4 to thereby form a second continuous electrical path (not shown in FIG. 17C) through third wiring set 1408-3 and fourth wiring set 1408-4. Interconnects 1410-3 and 1410-4 may be implemented, for example, by an elastomeric connector, as described above. As shown in FIGS. 17A and 17B, interconnects 1410 are formed by a single elastomeric connector that surrounds magnetic field sensing region 1406. In other embodiments, interconnects 1410 are not connected to one another but are separate structures.

As shown in FIG. 17C, first continuous electrical path 1412 forms a first conductive winding configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a Bx′ component of a compensation magnetic field. The second continuous electrical path (not shown) forms a second conductive winding configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a By′ component of the compensation magnetic field.

As shown in FIG. 17C, first wiring set 1408-1 and third wiring set 1408-3 are both arranged on first substrate 1404-1, and second wiring set 1408-2 and fourth wiring set 1408-4 are both arranged on second substrate 1404-2. In this embodiment, first wiring set 1408-1 is separated from third wiring set 1408-3 by an electrical insulator (not shown) and second wiring set 1408-2 is separated from fourth wiring set 1408-4 by an electrical insulator (not shown). In alternative embodiments, first wiring set 1408-1 and third wiring set 1408-3 are arranged on opposite surface of first substrate 1404-1, and second wiring set 1408-2 and fourth wiring set 1408-4 are arranged on opposite surface of second substrate 1404-2. In yet other embodiments, each wiring set 1408 is arranged on a different substrate.

In the examples described above, wiring sets 1408 (and hence conductive windings formed by wiring sets 1408) may have any winding pattern as may suit a particular implementation. In some examples the winding patterns of wiring sets 1408 may be automatically generated by a magnetic field generator design system configured to optimize the winding patterns based on a set of inputs. An exemplary magnetic field generator design system will be described below in more detail. Generally, the winding patterns of the Bx′ component and/or By′ component conductive windings are configured to generate a homogeneous magnetic field at the magnetic field sensing region. The winding patterns may be configured to generate a homogeneous magnetic field that is approximately 30% the size of wiring sets 1408, as measured along the x- or y-direction.

As mentioned above, in some embodiments magnetic field generator 108 includes both Bz′ component generator 800 and Bx′/By′ component generator 1400. With this configuration magnetic field generator 108 is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 804/1406 from ambient background magnetic fields along the x-, y-, and z-axes. In some examples, conductive windings 802 of Bz′ component generator 800 are arranged on substrates 1404 of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400. In such examples conductive windings 802 are electrically insulated from wiring sets 1408. In alternative examples, conductive windings 802 of Bz′ component generator 800 are arranged on substrates (e.g., substrates 902 of Bz′ component generator 800) that are different from substrates 1404 of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400. An exemplary physical implementation of magnetic field generator 108 will be described below in more detail.

As mentioned, magnetic field generator 108 is configured to actively shield a magnetic sensing region from ambient magnetic fields along the x-, y, and/or z-axes. In some examples, magnetic field generator 108 is further configured to actively shield the magnetic sensing region from first-order gradient magnetic fields, e.g., ambient background magnetic fields that linearly vary in the x-, y-, and/or z-direction. The ambient background magnetic field B is a vector magnetic field that has magnitude and direction at each point in space. Using the Cartesian coordinate system, ambient background magnetic field B can be expressed as:

B=i·Bx+j·By+k·Bz

where Bx, By and Bz are the Cartesian components of the ambient background magnetic field and i, j, and k are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and z-axes. The gradient of B, denoted VB, is a second order tensor, a matrix of nine partial derivatives of the three principal components of B (Bx, By, and Bz) with respect to the three cardinal axes (x, y, and z):

${\nabla B} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{dBx}{dx} & \frac{dBy}{dx} & \frac{dBz}{dx} \\ \frac{dBx}{dy} & \frac{dBy}{dy} & \frac{dBz}{dy} \\ \frac{dBx}{dz} & \frac{dBy}{dz} & \frac{dBz}{dz} \end{bmatrix}$

As can be seen from VB, there are nine possible gradient components of the ambient background magnetic fields. Accordingly, magnetic field generator 108 may further be configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing regions 804 and/or 1406 from any one or more of the gradient components of the ambient background magnetic fields. However, in some examples it is not necessary to generate every gradient component of the compensation magnetic field. Instead, the gradients components of the ambient background magnetic fields can be actively shielded by generating a subset of gradient components of the compensation magnetic field, as will now be described.

As mentioned above, Bz′ component generator 800 is configured to generate one or more z-axis gradient components of the compensation magnetic field when at least two conductive windings 802 (e.g., conductive windings 802-1 and 802-2) are driven with different drive currents. For example, controller 104 may be configured to drive Bz′ component generator 800 to generate a dBz′/dz gradient component, a dBz′/dx gradient component, and/or a dBz′/dy gradient component of the compensation magnetic field.

In some embodiments, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 may also be configured to generate one or more gradient components of the compensation magnetic field. FIGS. 18A-18C illustrate an exemplary configuration of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 having conductive windings configured to generate gradient components of the compensation magnetic field. FIGS. 18A and 18B show plan views (e.g., views in the z-direction) of Bx′/By′ component generator 1400, and FIG. 18C is a perspective view of various conductive windings included in Bx′/By′ component generator 1400. Legend 1402 indicates an orientation of x-, y-, and z-axes. In FIGS. 18A-18C, wiring sets 1408 have been omitted to facilitate discussion of the gradient component conductive windings.

As shown in FIG. 18A, first substrate 1404-1 includes a first gradient wiring 1802-1 extending generally in the y-direction along a first edge of first substrate 1404-1 and a second gradient wiring 1802-2 extending generally in the y-direction along a second edge of first substrate 1404-1. First gradient wiring 1802-1 and second gradient wiring 1802-2 are substantially parallel to each other and are represented by dashed lines. First substrate 1404-1 also includes a third gradient wiring 1802-3 extending generally in the x-direction along a third edge of first substrate 1404-1 and a fourth gradient wiring 1802-4 extending generally in the x-direction along a fourth edge of first substrate 1404-4. Third gradient wiring 1802-3 and fourth gradient wiring 1802-4 are substantially parallel to each other and are represented by dash-dot-dash lines. Third gradient wiring 1802-3 and fourth gradient wiring 1802-4 are not electrically connected to first gradient wiring 1802-1 or second gradient wiring 1802-1.

As shown in FIG. 18B, second substrate 1404-2 includes a fifth gradient wiring 1802-5 extending generally in the y-direction along a first edge of second substrate 1404-2 and a sixth gradient wiring 1802-6 extending generally in the y-direction along a second edge of second substrate 1404-2. Fifth gradient wiring 1802-5 and sixth gradient wiring 1802-6 are substantially parallel to each other and are represented by dashed lines. Second substrate 1404-2 also includes a seventh gradient wiring 1802-7 extending generally in the x-direction along a third edge of second substrate 1404-2 and an eighth gradient wiring 1802-8 extending generally in the x-direction along a fourth edge of second substrate 1404-2. Seventh gradient wiring 1802-7 and eighth gradient wiring 1802-8 are substantially parallel to each other and are represented by dash-dot-dash lines. Seventh gradient wiring 1802-7 and eighth gradient wiring 1802-8 are not electrically connected to fifth gradient wiring 1802-5 or sixth gradient wiring 1802-6.

Gradient wirings 1802 may each comprise one or more wires and may be formed of any suitable conductor of electrical current, such as metallic conductors (e.g., copper, silver, and/or gold) and non-metallic conductors (e.g., carbon). Gradient wirings 1802 may be arranged on substrates 1404 in any suitable manner (e.g., etched, printed, soldered, deposited, or otherwise attached). Furthermore, gradient wirings 1802 may be arranged on any surfaces of substrates 1404 as may suit a particular implementation.

When interconnects 1410 are positioned between first substrate 1404-1 and second substrate 1404-2, as shown in FIGS. 17A-17C, interconnects 1410 electrically connect gradient wirings 1802 on first substrate 1404-1 with gradient wirings 1802 on second substrate 1404-2. For example, interconnects 1410 electrically connect first gradient wiring 1802-1 with fifth gradient wiring 1802-5 to thereby form a first continuous electrical path, which forms a first conductive winding 1804-1, as shown in FIG. 18C. Similarly, interconnects 1410 electrically connect second gradient wiring 1802-2 with sixth gradient wiring 1802-6 to thereby form a second continuous electrical path, which forms a second conductive winding 1804-2. Interconnects 1410 also electrically connect third gradient wiring 1802-3 with seventh gradient wiring 1802-7 to thereby form a third continuous electrical path, which forms a third conductive winding 1804-3. Interconnects 1410 further electrically connect fourth gradient wiring 1802-4 with eighth gradient wiring 1802-8 to thereby form a fourth continuous electrical path, which forms a fourth conductive winding 1804-4.

To generate a dBx′/dx gradient component of the compensation magnetic field, controller 104 drives first conductive winding 1804-1 and second conductive winding 1804-2 with equal but opposite currents. The combination of the magnetic fields generated by conductive windings 1804-1 and 1804-2 generates a dBx′/dx gradient component that linearly varies in the x-direction. Similarly, to generate a dBy′/dy gradient component of the compensation magnetic field, controller 104 drives third conductive winding 1804-3 and fourth conductive winding 1804-4 with equal but opposite currents. The combination of the magnetic fields generated by conductive windings 1804-3 and 1804-4 generates a dBy′/dy gradient component that linearly varies in the y-direction.

Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 is further configured to generate a combination gradient component that is the sum of dBx′/dy and dBy′/dx gradient components of the compensation magnetic field. To this end, first substrate 1404-1 further includes a fifth conductive winding 1804-5 that is formed of four L-shaped loops 1806 (e.g., loops 1806-1 to 1806-4) positioned at each corner of first substrate 1404-1. In some examples, as shown in FIGS. 18A-18C, loops 1806 are connected to each other in series. Second substrate 1404-2 includes a sixth conductive winding 1804-6 that is formed of four L-shaped loops 1806 (e.g., loops 1806-5 to 1806-8) positioned at each corner of second substrate 1404-2. In some examples, as shown in FIGS. 18A-18C, loops 1806 are connected to each other in series. Conductive windings 1804-5 and 1804-6 are not electrically connected to each other, whether by interconnects 1410 or otherwise. Controller 104 may drive conductive windings 1804-5 and 1804-6 with equal but opposite drive currents to thereby generate a combination gradient component that is the sum of dBx′/dy and dBy′/dx gradient components.

It will be recognized that the configuration of conductive windings 1804 described above is merely exemplary and not limiting, as conductive windings 1804 may have any other configuration or winding pattern as may suit a particular implementation. Furthermore, in alternative embodiments Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 may not include all conductive windings 1804. For example, if Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 is configured to actively shield magnetic field sensing region 1406 from ambient background magnetic fields in only the x-direction, Bx′/By′ component generator 1400 may include only conductive windings 1804-1 and 1804-2.

As mentioned, magnetic field generator 108 can be used in wearable sensor unit 102 to actively shield one or more magnetometers 106 included in wearable sensor unit from ambient background magnetic fields. FIG. 19 shows a perspective view of an exemplary physical implementation 1900 of wearable sensor unit 102. As shown, physical implementation 1900 includes PCBs 1902-1 and 1902-2 (collectively “PCBs 1902”) and substrates 1904-1 through 1904-4 (collectively “substrates 1904”). In some examples, substrates 1904 may be implemented by PCBs.

PCBs 1902 and substrates 1904 are structurally arranged as shown. In particular, PCB 1902 is located at a “top” side of physical implementation 1900 (i.e., a side furthest away from a head or other surface upon which wearable sensor unit 102 is placed to detect magnetic fields) and substrate 1904-2 is located at a “bottom” side of physical implementation 1900 (i.e., a side closest to a head or other surface upon which wearable sensor unit 102 is placed to detect magnetic fields).

Interconnect 1905 is disposed between substrates 1904-3 and 1904-5 and maintains a spacing between substrates 1904-3 and 1904-5. A magnetic field sensing region (not shown in FIG. 19) is located between substrates 1904-3 and 1904-5 and surrounded by interconnect 1905. An array of vapor cells (not shown) is located within the magnetic field sensing region.

Conductive windings that constitute magnetic field generator 108 are disposed on substrates 1904. For example, conductive windings configured to generate the Bz′ component of the compensation magnetic field may be disposed on substrates 1904-1 and 1904-2. Conductive windings configured to generate the Bx′ and By′ components of the compensation magnetic field include wiring sets disposed on substrates 1904-3 and 1904-4 and conductive elements in interconnect 1905. Conductive windings configured to generate gradient components of the compensation magnetic field may additionally be disposed on substrates 1904-1 through 1904-4 and in interconnect 1905.

PCB 1902-1 includes various components disposed thereon that are associated with light sources included in each magnetometer 106. For example, PCB 1902-1 may include light sources (e.g., light source 602), heaters for the light sources, thermistors for the light sources, and monitor photodetectors for the light sources disposed thereon. As shown, PCB 1902-1 may also include a plurality of twisted pair cable interface assemblies 1906 disposed thereon. In particular, twisted pair cable interface assembly 1906-1 is electrically connected to inputs of the light sources, twisted pair cable interface 1906-2 is electrically connected to inputs of the heaters, twisted pair cable interface 1906-3 is electrically connected to outputs of the thermistors, and twisted pair cable interface 1906-4 is electrically connected to outputs of the monitor photodetectors.

PCB 1902-2 may include signal photodetectors (e.g., signal photodetector 606) and a twisted pair cable interface 1906-5 electrically connected to outputs of the signal photodetectors. A twisted pair cable interface 1906-6 electrically connected to inputs of heaters (e.g., heater 608) for the signal photodetectors is disposed on a mount 1908 located proximate to PCB 1902-2.

As shown, coaxial cable interface assemblies 1910-1 through 1910-9 (collectively “coaxial cable interface assemblies 1910”) are located on substrates 1904. Coaxial cable interface assemblies 1910 are conductively coupled to the conductive windings that constitute magnetic field generator 108. As described herein, controller 104 may drive the conductive windings by supplying drive current to the conductive windings by way of coaxial cables connected to coaxial cable interface assemblies 1910.

Physical implementation 1900 may include any additional or alternative components as may suit a particular implementation (e.g., a housing to house at least some of the components shown in FIG. 19, support structures to support substrates 1904, etc.).

FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional side view of physical implementation 1900 of wearable sensor unit 102 and illustrates various components of magnetometers 106 that are located within wearable sensor unit 102. For example, FIG. 20 shows that a plurality of light sources (e.g., light source 2002, which may implement any of the light sources described herein), a plurality of thermistors (e.g., thermistor 2004), and a plurality of monitor photodetectors (e.g., monitor photodetector 2006) are disposed on an underneath side of PCB 1902-1.

Light generated by light sources is collimated by a plurality of collimating lenses (e.g., collimating lens 2008) and passes through optics (e.g., optics 2010). Optics may include, for example, a prism for each magnetometer that is configured to reflect the light onto the monitor photodiodes. The light also passes through the optics, then through holes (e.g., hole 2012) in substrate 1904-3, then through chimneys (e.g., chimney 2014), and into vapor cells (e.g., vapor cell 2016, which may implement any of the vapor cells described herein). The chimneys are configured to prevent heat from the vapor cells from going back up through the holes.

In the implementation of FIG. 20, the light from the light sources passes through the vapor cells, then through a second set of chimneys (e.g., chimney 2018), and then through holes (e.g., hole 2020) in substrate 1904-4. The light is then detected by signal photodetectors (e.g., signal photodetector 2022, which may implement any of the signal photodetectors described herein).

In some examples a wearable device that may be worn by a user may include a plurality of wearable sensor units. FIG. 21A illustrates a functional diagram of an exemplary wearable device 2100. Wearable device 2100 is configured to be worn by a user (e.g., on a head of the user). For example, wearable device 2100 may be conformable to a shape of a user's head. In some examples, wearable device 2100 is portable. In other words, wearable device 2100 may be small and light enough to be easily carried by a user and/or worn by the user while the user moves around and/or otherwise performs daily activities.

As shown, wearable device 2100 includes a plurality of wearable sensor units 102 (e.g., wearable sensor units 102-1 through 102-3). However, wearable device 2100 may include any other suitable number of wearable sensor units 102. For example, wearable device 2100 may include an array of two, five, nine, twelve, twenty-five, or any other suitable plurality of wearable sensor units 102 as may serve a particular implementation. Furthermore, wearable sensor units 102 may be positioned within wearable device 2100 in any arrangement as may suit a particular implementation.

As mentioned above, each wearable sensor unit 102 includes a plurality of magnetometers 106 configured to detect a relatively weak magnetic field (e.g., magnetic fields that come from the brain), and a magnetic field generator 108 configured to actively shield magnetometers 106 (e.g., vapor cells 604) from ambient background magnetic fields. Magnetic field generators 108 actively shield magnetometers 106 by generating a compensation magnetic field when supplied with a drive current.

However, magnetic field generators 108 (e.g., conductive windings 802, Bx′/By′ component conductive windings, and/or conductive windings 1804 of magnetic field generators 108) may also generate fringe magnetic fields 2102 (e.g., fringe magnetic fields 2102-1 through 2102-3) that extend beyond magnetic field generators 108, as illustrated in FIG. 21A. As a result, fringe magnetic fields 2102 may be detected by magnetometers 106 of nearby wearable sensor units 102. For example, wearable sensor unit 102-1 generates a fringe magnetic field 2102-1 that may be detected by magnetometers 106 in wearable sensor units 102-2 and/or 102-3. Thus, fringe magnetic field 2102-1 may interfere with the detection, by wearable sensor units 102-2 and 102-3, of the magnetic fields from the intended source (e.g., the user's brain). Additionally, magnetic field generators 108 of wearable sensor units 102 may attempt to compensate for detected fringe magnetic fields 2102 in addition to compensating for ambient background magnetic fields. However, as magnetic field generators 108 of multiple different wearable sensor units 102 attempt to compensate for detected fringe magnetic fields 2102 at the same time, wearable sensor units 102 (e.g., drive currents supplied by controller 104) may begin to oscillate and prevent magnetic field generators 108 from reaching a steady-state. This may occur even when the ambient background magnetic fields are relatively static.

To prevent such magnetic coupling between wearable sensor units 102, wearable device 2100 is configured such that the strength of the fringe magnetic fields 2102 at each wearable sensor unit 102 is less than a predetermined value (e.g., less than about 10 nT, less than about 20 nT, etc.) at a predetermined distance from the magnetic field generator (e.g., at a plurality of magnetometers). With this configuration, magnetic field generators 108 included in wearable sensor units 102 do not compensate, or need to compensate, for fringe magnetic fields 2102 generated by neighboring wearable sensor units 102.

FIG. 21B illustrates an exemplary configuration of wearable device 2100 that reduces or eliminates magnetic coupling. FIG. 21B is the same as FIG. 21A except that wearable sensor units 102 are spaced apart from one another such that the strength of fringe magnetic fields 2102 at each wearable sensor unit 102 (e.g., at a magnetic field sensing region of wearable sensor unit 102 and/or at one or more sensors included in wearable sensor unit 102) is less than a predetermined value (e.g., less than about 10 nT, less than about 20 nT, etc.) at a predetermined distance from the magnetic field generator (e.g., from each conductive winding). In some examples, the spacing between wearable sensor units 102 is determined by a magnetic field generator design system, as will be described below in more detail. The magnetic field generator design system may model the fringe magnetic fields 2102 to determine an optimal spacing.

FIG. 21C illustrates another example in which the spatial extent of each fringe magnetic field 2102 is reduced. By reducing the spatial extent of fringe magnetic fields 2102 at a predetermined distance from the source of the fringe magnetic field 2102, the strength of the fringe magnetic fields 2102 at each wearable sensor unit 102 (e.g., at each magnetometer) may be reduced to less than a predetermined value (e.g., less than about 10 nT, less than about 20 nT, etc.). The spatial extent of each fringe magnetic field 2102 may be reduced in any suitable way. In some examples each magnetic field generator 108 (e.g., Bz′ component generator 800 and/or Bx′/By′ component generator 1400) includes one or more counter-windings configured to reduce the extent of the fringe magnetic field generated by the conductive windings of magnetic field generator 108. For instance, a winding pattern of conductive windings 802, Bx′/By′ component conductive windings, and/or conductive windings 1804) may include a counter-winding at an outer portion of the conductive winding (e.g., at a portion of the conductive winding farthest away from the magnetic field sensing region). In the counter-winding, drive current flows opposite to the direction of the drive current in the conductive winding. As a result, the spatial extent of the fringe field generated by the conductive winding is shortened (e.g., magnetic field lines from the conductive winding bend back toward the conductive winding earlier than without the counter-winding). In some examples, the winding pattern and configuration of the counter-winding is determined by the magnetic field generator design system, as will be described below in more detail.

FIGS. 22-26 illustrate exemplary physical implementations of a wearable device 2200. Wearable device 2200 may implement wearable device 2100. Wearable device 2200 includes elements of the wearable sensor units described herein. For example, wearable device 2200 includes a plurality of magnetometers 2202 and a plurality of magnetic field generators 2203 (shown in FIG. 22). The various exemplary physical implementations of wearable device 2200 may each also include a controller (e.g., controller 104) and/or be communicatively connected to a controller. It will be recognized that the physical implementations of wearable device 2200 shown in FIGS. 22-27 are merely illustrative and not limiting. In general, wearable device 2200 may be implemented by any suitable headgear and/or clothing article configured to be worn by a user. The headgear and/or clothing article may include batteries, cables, and/or other peripherals for the components of the wearable sensor units described herein.

FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of a wearable device 2200 in the form of a helmet with a handle 2204. A cable 2206 extends from the wearable device 2200 for attachment to a battery or hub (with components such as a controller, processor, or the like). FIG. 23 illustrates another embodiment of a wearable device 2200 in the form of a helmet showing a back view. FIG. 24 illustrates a third embodiment of a wearable device 2200 in the form of a helmet with cable 2206 leading to a wearable garment 2208 (such as a vest or partial vest) that can include a battery or a hub. Alternatively or additionally, the wearable device 2200 can include a crest 2210 or other protrusion for placement of the hub or battery.

FIG. 25 illustrates another embodiment of a wearable device 2200 in the form of a cap with a wearable garment 2208 in the form of a scarf that may contain or conceal a cable, a battery, and/or a hub. FIG. 26 illustrates additional embodiments of a wearable device 2200 in the form of a helmet with a one-piece scarf 2208 or a two-piece scarf 2208-1. FIG. 27 illustrates an embodiment of a wearable device 2200 that includes a hood 2210 and a beanie 2212, which contains magnetometers 2202, as well as a wearable garment 2208 that may contain a battery or hub.

The magnetic field measurement systems, wearable devices, and wearable sensor units described herein have been described with reference to measuring magnetic signals from the brain of a user. However, biological signals from other areas of the body, as well as non-biological signals, can be measured using the systems, devices, and methods described herein.

As mentioned above, a magnetic field generator design system may be configured to determine a configuration of one or more aspects of magnetic field generator 108. FIG. 28 illustrates an exemplary magnetic field generator design system 2800 (“design system”). Design system 2800 may be implemented by a desktop computer, mobile device, server, and/or any other suitable computing device.

As shown, design system 2800 may include, without limitation, a storage facility 2802 and a processing facility 2804 selectively and communicatively coupled to one another. Facilities 2802 and 2804 may each include or be implemented by hardware and/or software components (e.g., processors, memories, communication interfaces, instructions stored in memory for execution by the processors, etc.).

Storage facility 2802 may maintain (e.g., store) executable data used by processing facility 2804 to perform one or more of the operations described herein. For example, storage facility 2802 may store instructions 206 that may be executed by processing facility 2804 to perform one or more of the operations described herein. Instructions 2806 may be implemented by any suitable application, software, code, and/or other executable data instance. Storage facility 2802 may also maintain any data received, generated, managed, used, and/or transmitted by processing facility 2804.

Processing facility 2804 may be configured to perform (e.g., execute instructions 2806 stored in storage facility 2802 to perform) various operations described herein.

As shown, design system 2800 may be communicatively coupled to a user input device 2808 and a display device 2810. User input device 2808 may be implemented by a keyboard, mouse, touch screen, track ball, joystick, voice recognition system, and/or any other device configured to facilitate providing of user input to computing device 2800. Display device 2810 may be implemented by a monitor, screen, printer, and/or any other device configured to display output provided by computing device 2800. In some examples, display device 2810 is integrated into a single unit with computing device 2800.

In some examples design system 2800 may run a design algorithm configured to generate winding patterns of any one or more conductive windings included in magnetic field generator 108. Additionally or alternatively, design system 2800 is configured to generate an arrangement of wearable sensor units 102 in a wearable device 2100 and/or in magnetic field measurement system 100. Design system 2800 may also be configured to model magnetic fields generated by the generated winding patterns as well as ambient background magnetic fields. Any suitable design algorithm and magnetic field models may be used as may suit a particular implementation.

Design system 2800 may receive input specifying values of one or more parameters associated with a magnetic field generator. Exemplary parameters may include, without limitation, physical parameters (e.g., identification of planes in a 3D space on which conductive windings and/or wiring sets may be arranged; shapes, sizes, and/or dimensions of substrates; locations of support posts, holes for screws, holes for light transmission, magnetometers, and/or vapor cells; a shape of a user's head; etc.), wiring parameters (e.g., wire materials, wire thicknesses, distance between adjacent wires, etc.), driving parameters (e.g., maximum driving current and/or voltage values, power dissipation, etc.), magnetic field parameters (e.g., shape, size, and/or position of the magnetic field sensing region; predetermined threshold values for the magnitude of ambient background magnetic fields at the magnetic field sensing region; gradient components of the compensation magnetic field; ambient background magnetic field sources, magnitude, and locations; fringe magnetic field projection distances; predetermined threshold values for the magnitude of fringe magnetic fields at the magnetic field sensing region; etc.), and tolerance parameters (e.g., tolerances for any of the above-listed parameters, manufacturing and/or assembly tolerances, etc.).

In some examples the one or more parameters may include various manufacturing errors (e.g., errors in wire widths, spacing between wires, alignment, etc.). By intentionally including manufacturing errors in the input to design system 2800, design system 2800 may generate winding patterns and configurations of a magnetic field generator that are tolerant of manufacturing errors.

Design system 2800 may generate one or more magnetic field generator configurations that satisfy the set of input parameters. For example, design system 2800 may generate winding patterns of conductive windings 802, Bx′/By′ component conductive windings, and/or conductive windings 1804. Additionally or alternatively, design system 2800 may generate configurations of substrates 902 and/or 1404. Additionally or alternatively, design system 2800 may generate configurations of wearable device 2100 (e.g., winding patterns of counter-windings, locations and spacing of wearable sensor units 102, etc.).

Design system 2800 may model a compensation magnetic field produced by each of the generated magnetic field generator configurations and ambient background magnetic fields. Based on the models, design system 2800 may output a set of magnetic field generator configurations that produce a modeled compensation magnetic field that actively shields a magnetic field sensing region from modeled ambient background magnetic fields in accordance with user input criteria.

FIG. 29 shows an exemplary method 2900 of making a magnetic field generator. While FIG. 29 illustrates exemplary operations according to one embodiment, other embodiments may omit, add to, reorder, combine, and/or modify any of the steps shown in FIG. 29. One or more of the operations shown in in FIG. 29 may be performed by design system 2800, any components included therein, and/or any implementation thereof.

In operation 2902, a magnetic field generator design system receives input specifying values of one or more parameters associated with a magnetic field generator. Operation 2902 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 2904, the magnetic field generator design system generates one or more magnetic field generator configurations based on the one or more parameters. Operation 2904 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 2906, the magnetic field generator design system models a compensation magnetic field produced by each of the generated magnetic field generator configurations and an ambient background magnetic field. Operation 2906 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 2908, the magnetic field generator design system outputs a set of magnetic field generator configurations that produce a modeled compensation magnetic field that actively shields a magnetic field sensing region included in each generated magnetic field generator configuration from the modeled ambient background magnetic fields in accordance with the one or more parameters. Operation 2908 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

FIG. 30 shows another exemplary method 3000 of making a magnetic field generator. While FIG. 30 illustrates exemplary operations according to one embodiment, other embodiments may omit, add to, reorder, combine, and/or modify any of the steps shown in FIG. 30.

In operation 3002, a first conductive winding is arranged on a first planar substrate. Operation 3002 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3004, a second conductive winding is arranged on a second planar substrate. Operation 3004 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3006, the second planar substrate is positioned opposite to the first planar substrate with a gap therebetween and such that the first planar substrate is substantially parallel to the second planar substrate. Operation 3006 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

FIG. 31 shows another exemplary method 3100 of making a magnetic field generator. While FIG. 31 illustrates exemplary operations according to one embodiment, other embodiments may omit, add to, reorder, combine, and/or modify any of the steps shown in FIG. 31.

In operation 3102, a first conductive winding is arranged on a first surface of a first planar substrate. Operation 3102 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3104, a second conductive winding is arranged on a first surface of a second planar substrate. Operation 3104 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3106, a third conductive winding is arranged on a second surface of the first planar substrate. Operation 3106 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3108, a fourth conductive winding is arranged on a second surface of the second planar substrate. Operation 3108 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3110, the second planar substrate is positioned opposite to the first planar substrate with a gap therebetween and such that the first planar substrate is substantially parallel to the second planar substrate. Operation 3110 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

FIG. 32 shows another exemplary method 3200 of making a magnetic field generator. While FIG. 32 illustrates exemplary operations according to one embodiment, other embodiments may omit, add to, reorder, combine, and/or modify any of the steps shown in FIG. 32.

In operation 3202, a first wiring set is arranged on a first planar substrate such that wires in the first wiring set extend in a first direction. Operation 3202 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3204, a second wiring set is arranged on a second planar substrate such that wires in the second wiring set extend in the first direction. Operation 3204 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3206, one or more interconnects are arranged on the first planar substrate such that a first surface of the one or more interconnects electrically connects with ends of the wires in the first wiring set. Operation 3206 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

In operation 3208, the second planar substrate is positioned on a second surface of the one or more interconnects such that the first planar substrate is substantially parallel to the second planar substrate and such that the second surface of the one or more interconnects electrically connects with ends of wires in the second wiring set to form a continuous electrical path through the first wiring set, the second wiring set, and the one or more interconnects. Operation 3208 may be performed in any of the ways described herein.

The methods described above may be combined and/or modified in any suitable way. For example, any of the methods described above may be combined, repeated, and/or modified to produce any of the magnetic field generators described herein. Moreover, any steps described above in method 3000, 3100, and/or 3200 may be performed by any suitable PCB manufacturing process.

In some examples, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions may be provided in accordance with the principles described herein. The instructions, when executed by a processor of a computing device, may direct the processor and/or computing device to perform one or more operations, including one or more of the operations described herein. Such instructions may be stored and/or transmitted using any of a variety of known computer-readable media.

A non-transitory computer-readable medium as referred to herein may include any non-transitory storage medium that participates in providing data (e.g., instructions) that may be read and/or executed by a computing device (e.g., by a processor of a computing device). For example, a non-transitory computer-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, any combination of non-volatile storage media and/or volatile storage media. Exemplary non-volatile storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory, flash memory, a solid-state drive, a magnetic storage device (e.g. a hard disk, a floppy disk, magnetic tape, etc.), ferroelectric random-access memory (“RAM”), and an optical disc (e.g., a compact disc, a digital video disc, a Blu-ray disc, etc.). Exemplary volatile storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM (e.g., dynamic RAM).

FIG. 33 illustrates an exemplary computing device 3310 that may be specifically configured to perform one or more of the processes described herein. Any of the systems, units, computing devices, and/or other components described herein may be implemented by computing device 3310.

As shown in FIG. 33, computing device 3310 may include a communication interface 3312, a processor 3314, a storage device 3316, and an input/output (“I/O”) module 3318 communicatively connected one to another via a communication infrastructure 3320. While an exemplary computing device 3310 is shown in FIG. 33, the components illustrated in FIG. 33 are not intended to be limiting. Additional or alternative components may be used in other embodiments. Components of computing device 3310 shown in FIG. 33 will now be described in additional detail.

Communication interface 3312 may be configured to communicate with one or more computing devices. Examples of communication interface 3312 include, without limitation, a wired network interface (such as a network interface card), a wireless network interface (such as a wireless network interface card), a modem, an audio/video connection, and any other suitable interface.

Processor 3314 generally represents any type or form of processing unit capable of processing data and/or interpreting, executing, and/or directing execution of one or more of the instructions, processes, and/or operations described herein. Processor 3314 may perform operations by executing computer-executable instructions 3322 (e.g., an application, software, code, and/or other executable data instance) stored in storage device 3316.

Storage device 3316 may include one or more data storage media, devices, or configurations and may employ any type, form, and combination of data storage media and/or device. For example, storage device 3316 may include, but is not limited to, any combination of the non-volatile media and/or volatile media described herein. Electronic data, including data described herein, may be temporarily and/or permanently stored in storage device 3316. For example, data representative of computer-executable instructions 3322 configured to direct processor 3314 to perform any of the operations described herein may be stored within storage device 3316. In some examples, data may be arranged in one or more databases residing within storage device 3316.

I/O module 3318 may include one or more I/O modules configured to receive user input and provide user output. I/O module 3318 may include any hardware, firmware, software, or combination thereof supportive of input and output capabilities. For example, I/O module 3318 may include hardware and/or software for capturing user input, including, but not limited to, a keyboard or keypad, a touchscreen component (e.g., touchscreen display), a receiver (e.g., an RF or infrared receiver), motion sensors, and/or one or more input buttons.

I/O module 3318 may include one or more devices for presenting output to a user, including, but not limited to, a graphics engine, a display (e.g., a display screen), one or more output drivers (e.g., display drivers), one or more audio speakers, and one or more audio drivers. In certain embodiments, I/O module 3318 is configured to provide graphical data to a display for presentation to a user. The graphical data may be representative of one or more graphical user interfaces and/or any other graphical content as may serve a particular implementation.

In the preceding description, various exemplary embodiments have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. For example, certain features of one embodiment described herein may be combined with or substituted for features of another embodiment described herein. The description and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense. 

1. A magnetic field generator comprising: a plurality of conductive windings comprising: a first conductive winding arranged in a first plane, and a second conductive winding arranged in a second plane that is substantially parallel to the first plane, wherein the plurality of conductive windings are configured to generate, when supplied with a drive current, a first component of a compensation magnetic field, the first component of the compensation magnetic field being configured to actively shield a magnetic field sensing region located between the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding from ambient background magnetic fields along a first axis that is substantially orthogonal to the first plane and the second plane.
 2. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, wherein the first component of the compensation magnetic field is configured to actively shield the magnetic field sensing region by reducing or canceling a first component of the ambient background magnetic fields, the first component of the ambient background magnetic fields being along the first axis.
 3. The magnetic field generator of claim 2, wherein the first component of the compensation magnetic field is substantially equal and opposite to the first component of the ambient background magnetic fields.
 4. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, further comprising a planar substrate, wherein the first conductive winding is arranged on a first surface of the planar substrate and the second conductive winding is arranged on a second surface of the planar substrate.
 5. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, further comprising a first planar substrate and a second planar substrate, wherein the first conductive winding is arranged on a surface of the first planar substrate and the second conductive winding is arranged on a surface of the second planar substrate.
 6. The magnetic field generator of claim 5, wherein the surface of the first planar substrate and the surface of the second planar substrate both face the magnetic field sensing region.
 7. The magnetic field generator of claim 5, wherein the surface of the first planar substrate and the surface of the second planar substrate both face away from the magnetic field sensing region.
 8. The magnetic field generator of claim 5, wherein each of the first planar substrate and the second planar substrate comprises a printed circuit board.
 9. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, wherein: the plurality of conductive windings further comprises: a third conductive winding arranged in a third plane, and a fourth conductive winding arranged in a fourth plane, and the third plane and the fourth plane are substantially parallel to the first plane and the second plane.
 10. The magnetic field generator of claim 9, further comprising a first planar substrate and a second planar substrate, wherein: the first conductive winding is arranged on a first surface of the first planar substrate, the first surface of the first planar substrate facing away from the magnetic field sensing region, the second conductive winding is arranged on a first surface of the second planar substrate, the first surface of the second planar substrate facing away from the magnetic field sensing region, the third conductive winding is arranged on a second surface of the first planar substrate, the second surface of the first planar substrate facing the magnetic field sensing region, and the fourth conductive winding is arranged on a second surface of the second planar substrate, the second surface of the second planar substrate facing the magnetic field sensing region.
 11. The magnetic field generator of claim 10, wherein winding patterns of the plurality of conductive windings are substantially identical.
 12. The magnetic field generator of claim 10, wherein: winding patterns of the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding are substantially identical, winding patterns of the third conductive winding and the fourth conductive winding are substantially identical, and the winding patterns of the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding are different from the winding patterns of the third conductive winding and the fourth conductive winding.
 13. The magnetic field generator of claim 10, wherein: a winding pattern of the first conductive winding is different from a winding pattern of the second conductive winding, and winding patterns of the third conductive winding and the fourth conductive winding are substantially identical.
 14. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, wherein the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding are configured to be supplied with the same drive current.
 15. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, wherein the first conductive winding is configured to be supplied with a first drive current and the second conductive winding is configured to be supplied with a second drive current that is different from the first drive current.
 16. The magnetic field generator of claim 15, wherein the plurality of conductive windings are further configured to generate, when the first conductive winding is supplied with the first drive current and the second conductive winding is supplied with the second drive current, a first gradient component of the compensation magnetic field, the first gradient component of the compensation magnetic field being configured to actively shield the magnetic field sensing region from ambient background magnetic fields that linearly vary along the first axis.
 17. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, wherein: a winding pattern of the first conductive winding includes a first counter-winding configured to reduce a spatial extent of a first fringe magnetic field generated by the first conductive winding; and a winding pattern of the second conductive winding includes a second counter-winding configured to reduce a spatial extent of a second fringe magnetic field generated by the second conductive winding.
 18. The magnetic field generator of claim 1, further comprising: a first planar substrate; a second planar substrate positioned opposite to the first planar substrate and separated from the first planar substrate by a gap, the magnetic field sensing region being located in the gap; a first wiring set disposed on the first planar substrate; a second wiring set disposed on the second planar substrate; and one or more interconnects positioned between the first planar substrate and the second planar substrate and that electrically connect the first wiring set with the second wiring set to form a first continuous electrical path, wherein the first continuous electrical path forms a third conductive winding configured to generate, when supplied with a first additional drive current, a second component of the compensation magnetic field configured to actively shield the magnetic field sensing region from the ambient background magnetic fields along a second axis that is substantially orthogonal to the first axis.
 19. The magnetic field generator of claim 18, wherein the first conductive winding is arranged on the first planar substrate and the second conductive winding is arranged on the second planar substrate.
 20. The magnetic field generator of claim 18, further comprising a third planar substrate and a fourth planar substrate, wherein the first conductive winding is arranged on the third planar substrate and the second conductive winding is arranged on the fourth planar substrate.
 21. The magnetic field generator of claim 20, wherein the first planar substrate and the second planar substrate are positioned between the third planar substrate and the fourth planar substrate.
 22. The magnetic field generator of claim 18, further comprising: a third wiring set disposed on the first planar substrate; and a fourth wiring set disposed on the second planar substrate; wherein the one or more interconnects electrically connect the third wiring set with the fourth wiring set to form a second continuous electrical path; and wherein the additional continuous electrical path forms a fourth conductive winding configured to generate, when supplied with a second additional drive current, a third component of the compensation magnetic field configured to actively shield the magnetic field sensing region from the ambient background magnetic fields along a third axis that is substantially orthogonal to the first axis and the second axis.
 23. The magnetic field generator of claim 22, wherein the first conductive winding is arranged on the first planar substrate and the second conductive winding is arranged on the second planar substrate.
 24. The magnetic field generator of claim 22, further comprising a third planar substrate and a fourth planar substrate, wherein the first conductive winding is arranged on the third planar substrate and the second conductive winding is arranged on the fourth planar substrate.
 25. The magnetic field generator of claim 24, wherein the first planar substrate and the second planar substrate are positioned between the third planar substrate and the fourth planar substrate.
 26. The magnetic field generator of claim 22, further comprising a plurality of gradient windings configured to generate, when supplied with a plurality of gradient drive currents, one or more gradient components of the compensation magnetic field configured to actively shield the magnetic field sensing region from one or more linearly varying ambient background magnetic fields. 27-100. (canceled) 